In the development of modern legal science, understanding the essence of legal science has become increasingly important in explaining the position of law as an autonomous discipline amid social, moral, and political influences. This study aims to examine the essence of legal science based on Hans Kelsen's pure theory of law and its relevance to the development of legal science in civil law and common law systems. The research method used is normative jurisprudence with three approaches, namely the legislative approach to examine the hierarchy of norms in the legal system, the conceptual approach to examine the Grundnorm and Stufenbau des Recht theories, and the comparative approach to compare the application of these theories in the two legal traditions. The results of the study show that Kelsen's concept of the hierarchy of norms is in line with the codification system in civil law, because each norm derives its validity from a higher norm, culminating in the basic norm. Meanwhile, in common law, Kelsen's thinking remains relevant because judicial decisions can be understood as legal norms that are valid and binding within the hierarchy of norms. Thus, Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law provides a universal conceptual foundation for the development of legal science as a rational, systematic, and autonomous discipline.

This study examines the obstacles faced by investigators of the North Maluku Provincial National Narcotics Agency (BNNP) in handling narcotics crimes and analyzes the contributing factors that hinder effective law enforcement. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the research collects data through interviews, documentation, and observation of BNNP officers and community members. The findings reveal that the primary challenges include the lack of adequate facilities and investigative technology, such as digital communication interception tools, and the increasing sophistication of narcotics distribution networks that utilize modern communication platforms. Additionally, the study identifies low public legal awareness and participation as major non-technical obstacles. Many community members are reluctant to report or cooperate with law enforcement due to fear of retaliation, indifference, or limited understanding of narcotics laws. These conditions significantly hinder BNNP’s ability to detect and prevent narcotics-related activities effectively. The analysis further indicates that overcoming these obstacles requires strengthening both technological infrastructure and community engagement. BNNP North Maluku is encouraged to enhance inter-agency coordination, improve investigative resources, and intensify public education programs on the dangers of narcotics. The study concludes that effective narcotics law enforcement demands a collaborative and integrative approach involving law enforcement institutions, government agencies, and active community participation to ensure sustainable prevention and eradication of narcotics crimes in North Maluku.

This study examines the mechanisms for resolving construction service disputes through non-litigation channels as an alternative to court proceedings. The focus of the study is on out-of-court settlements that offer a voluntary, informal, cost-effective, and time-efficient approach, making them the preferred choice for disputing parties. The research questions include: first, what are the mechanisms and procedures for resolving construction service disputes through non-litigation channels; second, what are the comparative advantages of non-litigation dispute resolution compared to the court process. This study uses a normative juridical method, relying on secondary data as the primary source, analyzed descriptively and analytically through an approach based on relevant laws and regulations in the construction services sector. The results of the study show that non-litigation channels are highly preferred among construction industry players due to the significant advantages they offer. These advantages include: a fast and efficient resolution process that does not hinder construction projects; confidentiality guarantees that protect the parties' reputations; the appointment of mediators or arbitrators with integrity and technical expertise in construction; as well as the potential to achieve a win-win solution that maintains long-term business relationships among the parties. These findings confirm that non-litigation mechanisms such as negotiation, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration provide practical added value in resolving construction disputes compared to conventional litigation processes, which tend to be time-consuming, costly, and adversarial. 

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis legalitas pelaksanaan lelang jaminan oleh PT Bank Syariah Indonesia melalui KPKNL terhadap aset milik CV. Megatama Distribution yang berujung pada gugatan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH). Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, melalui analisis dokumen gugatan, peraturan perbankan syariah, serta fatwa DSN-MUI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lelang dilakukan tanpa pemberitahuan resmi, tanpa prosedur mediasi, dan dengan nilai di bawah harga pasar, meskipun nasabah telah menunjukkan iktikad baik. Tindakan tersebut tidak hanya melanggar asas kehati-hatian dan Peraturan Menteri Keuangan No. 122/2023, tetapi juga bertentangan dengan Fatwa DSN-MUI No. 04/2000 dan No. 47/2005. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa tindakan tergugat merupakan bentuk PMH.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the application of competition law principles in protecting traditional markets from the domination practices carried out by supermarkets, based on Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. The research method employed is a normative juridical approach by examining the protection of traditional markets from the dominance of supermarkets through the principles of competition law. The findings indicate that the presence of supermarkets located near traditional markets creates structural imbalances in terms of prices, product quality, services, and facilities. This condition drives changes in consumer behavior and weakens the competitiveness of traditional traders, thereby showing indications of unfair business practices, particularly in the form of predatory pricing and abuse of dominant position. Therefore, the Langsa City Government needs to strengthen the implementation of zoning policies, revitalize traditional markets, and provide empowerment support to small traders. Through these measures, a balance between modern retail investment and the protection of the people’s economy is expected to be achieved, thus realizing the principles of fair, equitable, and healthy business competition.  

This study examines the interpretation of the meaning of walad and its implications for the inheritance status of girls from the perspective of Religious Court decisions. The term walad in the Qur'an and Islamic jurisprudence is often understood generally as 'child', but there are differences in interpretation among scholars regarding the scope of its meaning, whether it includes only boys or also girls. This difference in understanding has implications for the distribution of inheritance rights, particularly in the context of equality between boys and girls. This study uses a qualitative approach with normative legal research methods through a study of tafsir literature, classical fiqh books, and an analysis of several relevant Religious Court decisions. The results show that some Religious Court decisions interpret walad inclusively, namely to include both boys and girls, in line with the principles of justice and protection of rights in contemporary Islamic law. The implication of this interpretation is the strengthening of the legal position of girls as legitimate heirs and entitled to receive a share in accordance with the provisions of the Qur'an. This study emphasizes the importance of contextualizing the meaning of walad in religious court practice to align with the values ​​of gender justice and the development of modern Islamic law.

Indonesia, sebagai negara hukum, senantiasa berupaya melindungi warga negaranya dan memberikan peradilan yang adil dalam segala kasus, bahkan ketika pelaku kejahatan mengalami gangguan jiwa. Penelitian ini menganalisis perlindungan hukum bagi korban kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku gangguan jiwa di Indonesia. Perlindungan ini krusial mengingat potensi pelaku untuk dibebaskan dari tanggung jawab pidana. Persoalan utama yang diangkat adalah belum optimalnya perlindungan hukum bagi korban, yang disebabkan oleh status pelaku sebagai dalih pengampunan (Pasal 44 HUKP dan Pasal 39 UU No. 1 Tahun 2023), yang berakibat pada pembebasan dari hukuman. Kondisi ini menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan implikasi serius, seperti trauma psikologis dan stigmatisasi, bagi korban. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, dengan kerangka deskriptif analitis untuk mengkaji pokok permasalahan, dengan fokus pada analisis data perundang-undangan primer (KUHP, UU, dan UU Perlindungan Korban) serta data sekunder berupa jurnal dan literatur yang relevan. Analisis dilakukan secara deduktif dan induktif berdasarkan teori dan prinsip perlindungan hukum. Hasil dan rekomendasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum yang ada belum memadai, dan pemenuhan hak-hak korban (seperti restitusi dan kompensasi) merupakan kebutuhan mendesak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan penerapan pendekatan keadilan restoratif. Pendekatan ini dianggap ideal karena berfokus pada pemulihan kondisi dan kerugian korban, serta mewujudkan akuntabilitas non-pidana pelaku, sehingga memulihkan rasa keadilan dan memperkuat sistem perlindungan hukum secara khusus.  

This study aims to examine the level of women’s representation in Indonesia’s legislative bodies and to explore the factors contributing to the low level of women’s political participation in decision-making processes. Employing a normative legal research method with a library research approach, this study collects and analyzes data from relevant literature. The focus is on the development of the 30% gender quota for women’s representation as stipulated in legislation, as well as its implementation in legislative elections, particularly the 2024 General Election. The findings indicate that although women’s representation has gradually increased over the years, the figure remains below the ideal quota target. In the 2024 election, for instance, only 127 seats, or 21.9% of the total 580 seats in the House of Representatives (DPR RI), were held by women. Several barriers contribute to this shortfall, including structural constraints, the dominance of patriarchal culture, limited political education, and a lack of support for female candidates. Nevertheless, women’s participation in the legislature is crucial for advancing gender-responsive policies, as reflected in the advocacy for the enactment of the Sexual Violence Crimes Bill. Therefore, strengthening women’s involvement in politics constitutes a strategic step toward building a more inclusive and equitable democracy.

Guru sebagai ujung tombak pendidikan memiliki peran strategis dalam membentuk generasi bangsa. Namun, dalam praktik penyelenggaraan pendidikan, tidak jarang guru menghadapi permasalahan hukum sebagai akibat dari tindakan profesional yang dilakukannya, seperti tindakan disipliner terhadap siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bentuk dan implementasi bantuan hukum terhadap guru berdasarkan ketentuan undang-undang tersebut, dengan studi kasus guru SDN Tiuhbalak Baradatu di Way Kanan, Lampung, yang dilaporkan ke polisi karena mencubit siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, didukung oleh studi literatur kasus. Meskipun terdapat landasan hukum yang menjamin bantuan hukum bagi guru, pelaksanaannya di lapangan masih lemah akibat kurangnya sosialisasi, tidak adanya mekanisme pendampingan hukum yang jelas, serta minimnya peran lembaga pendidikan dan organisasi profesi dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum secara konkret. Studi ini merekomendasikan perlunya regulasi turunan yang mengatur mekanisme bantuan hukum bagi guru serta peningkatan peran dinas pendidikan dan organisasi profesi dalam menjamin hak-hak hukum guru.

This research is motivated by the effectiveness of the implementation of the General Election Commission Regulation (PKPU) Number 10 of 2023 concerning the registration of prospective legislative candidates. The study specifically focuses on how this regulation is applied in order to improve the implementation of PKPU No. 10 of 2023 in the Buol Regency General Election Commission (KPU). This research employs a normative-empirical legal approach, utilizing statutory and case-based approaches. These approaches are used to understand how the law operates in practice and how legal regulations are implemented as well as their impact on society. The findings indicate that the implementation of this regulation in the Buol Regency KPU has not yet operated optimally. Although the regulation provides clear technical guidelines, its implementation still encounters various obstacles, such as non-compliance with the quota for women's representation, inconsistencies in KPU decisions, and legal uncertainties that affect public trust. This study highlights the discrepancy between the regulation and field practices, which has implications for declining democratic quality and gender representation in regional parliaments. Improvements in regulatory aspects, supervision, and capacity-building for election administrators are necessary to ensure that the goals of democracy, integrity, and gender justice can be optimally achieved in Buol Regency.

This research discusses the settlement of domestic violence (KDRT) cases through penal mediation linked to the concept of restorative justice at the Garut Police Resort. The background of this study stems from the high number of domestic violence cases that contribute to the increase in divorce rates as well as reports to law enforcement agencies. The settlement of domestic violence cases should not merely emphasize punishment but also consider victim recovery and the restoration of social relations within society. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method with a normative juridical approach, supported by field data obtained through interviews with relevant parties. The data sources consist of primary legal materials, secondary materials, and information from the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) of the Garut Police. The findings indicate that the settlement of domestic violence cases through penal mediation at the Garut Police is carried out by involving perpetrators, victims, and other stakeholders, aiming to achieve reconciliation and to reduce case accumulation in court. Restorative justice plays an essential role in providing offenders with the opportunity to take responsibility for their actions while ensuring recovery for the victims. The investigators’ considerations in applying penal mediation include the victims’ psychological conditions, family continuity, and the effectiveness of case resolution. Although penal mediation has not yet obtained a strong formal legal basis within the Indonesian Penal Code or the Code of Criminal Procedure, its practice is in line with the living law of Indonesian society, which prioritizes deliberation and reconciliation. This study concludes that the application of penal mediation based on restorative justice can serve as a more humanistic, efficient, and culturally relevant alternative for resolving domestic violence cases.